Climate Change Negotiations and Third World Countries (Past, Present and Future)

International response to tackle climate change resulted in the establishment of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1992 (IPCC), entrusted with the task to present scientific findings to develop international legal framework on climate change. IPCC presented four reports and fifth report is around the corner which successively endorsed the climate change phenomena, its impacts and vulnerabilities of the different regions mostly inhabited by the third world countries. International efforts to tackle the climate change phenomenon resulted in the designing of the United Nations Convention Framework on the Climate Change 1992 (UNFCCC) embedding different environmental principles and the most pivotal one was the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities reinforcing the historical responsibilities notion of the developed countries to help developing countries in terms of finance and technology. This principle remained the guiding principle of UNFCCC negotiations since 1992 between developed and developing countries and got legal expression in the Kyoto Protocol 1997(upto 2012 and extended up to 2020 on interim basis to frame new agreement by 2015, applicable by 2020) to UNFCCC which prescribed compulsory obligations to developed countries and provided cushion of time allowance for developing countries obligations to reduce the carbon emissions; the real objective of UNFCCC and the financial help and technological transfer for adaptation and mitigation the carbon emissions. Unfortunately, developing countries could not effectively implement the climate change obligations and could not equip themselves to put themselves on the path of sustainable development resultantly having stalled round of negotiations in each year Conference of Parties (COP) except in COP 17 at Durban 2011 where it was principally agreed that new regime or agreement needed to be sketched by 2015, to be applied by 2020, applicable to all parties (moving away from the cornerstone principle of common but differentiated responsibilities) but developing countries started interpreting the cornerstone principle in such a manner and terms to suit them like the common but shared responsibilities according to historical sharing towards carbon emissions for each country which choked the negotiation process and endangered the negotiation for new international climate treaty to tackle climate change horrendous effects on the earth eco-system

Reimagining Godot : Exploring Resilience and the Human Condition in Pakistan

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Some Modified Exponential-Ratio Type Estimators in the presence of Non-response under Two-Phase Sampling Scheme

This paper addresses the problem of estimating the population mean using information on the auxiliary variable in the presence of non-response under two-phase sampling. A class of modified exponential-ratio type estimators using single auxiliary variable have been proposed under two different situations of non-response of the study variable. The expressions for the bias and mean square error (MSE) of a proposed class of estimators are derived. Efficiency comparisons of a proposed class of estimators with the usual unbiased estimator by Hansen and Hurwitz (1946) and other existing estimators are made. An empirical study has been carried out to judge the performances of the proposed estimators

The Legal responsibility of the lessor about hidden defects in the leased premises at the Jordanian Civil law - A comparative Study

The subject of this research revolves around the existence of the hidden defect in the wage and the penalty resulting from the Jordanian civil law, which is one of the most relevant subjects in our lives, where there is a lot of dealing between members of society, owners or tenants. The Jordanian legislator did not stipulate that the tenant should oblige the lessor to repair the defect by removing it or replacing the defective wage with the proper wage,   The Jordanian legislator does not differentiate between the lessor who knows the effect and the lessor who is not aware of it, and its effects on the amount of compensation for damage caused by the hidden defect in the rental. The criterion is that if the lessor is aware of the defect or not, and  the lessee is entitled to compensation for the damage caused by the defect In the leased and the amount of compensation includes all that the lessee's right of loss only. Also, the lessor who is aware of a defect informs the lessee that there is a defect at the time of signing the contract is not asked to compensate for the defects existing at the time of the lease , through the research, I reached to important results for the society as awhole,  so as to quarantee the rights of  tenants, especially that the Jordanian laws did not explicitly provide these solutions, which requires us to address the position of jurisprudence and the judiciary on this issue.       Therefore, this research is divided into three section, section one: specific performance. section two: cancelling the lease or the reduction of rent.section three: compensation. Keywords : hidden defect. Owner and tenants. Lessee  obligation. Jordanian civil  law